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Multiple-angle identities

When a single inverse trigonometric term is multiplied by an integer, we can often rewrite the result as a single inverse term in a different function. These multi-angle identities are obtained by feeding the trigonometric double-angle or triple-angle formulas through the inverse and watching the branch.

Double-angle for arctangent

2tan⁡−1x=tan⁡−12x1−x2,∣x∣<1.2 \tan^{-1} x = \tan^{-1} \frac{2x}{1 - x^2}, \quad |x| < 1.

For x>1x > 1: 2tan⁡−1x=π+tan⁡−12x1−x22 \tan^{-1} x = \pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2}. For x<−1x < -1: 2tan⁡−1x=−π+tan⁡−12x1−x22 \tan^{-1} x = -\pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2}.

Derivation. Let θ=tan⁡−1x\theta = \tan^{-1} x. Then tan⁡2θ=2tan⁡θ1−tan⁡2θ=2x1−x2\tan 2\theta = \tfrac{2 \tan\theta}{1 - \tan^2\theta} = \tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2}. The branch correction comes from whether 2θ2\theta stays in (−π/2,π/2)(-\pi/2, \pi/2).

Arctangent to arcsine and arccosine

2tan⁡−1x=sin⁡−12x1+x2,∣x∣≤1.2 \tan^{-1} x = \sin^{-1} \frac{2x}{1 + x^2}, \quad |x| \le 1.

For x>1x > 1: 2tan⁡−1x=π−sin⁡−12x1+x22 \tan^{-1} x = \pi - \sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2}.

2tan⁡−1x=cos⁡−11−x21+x2,x≥0.2 \tan^{-1} x = \cos^{-1} \frac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2}, \quad x \ge 0.

For x<0x < 0: replace by −cos⁡−11−x21+x2-\cos^{-1}\tfrac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2}.

Derivation. Use sin⁡2θ=2tan⁡θ1+tan⁡2θ\sin 2\theta = \tfrac{2 \tan\theta}{1 + \tan^2\theta} and cos⁡2θ=1−tan⁡2θ1+tan⁡2θ\cos 2\theta = \tfrac{1 - \tan^2\theta}{1 + \tan^2\theta} with θ=tan⁡−1x\theta = \tan^{-1} x.

Double angle for arcsine

2sin⁡−1x=sin⁡−1(2x1−x2),∣x∣≤1/2.2 \sin^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}(2x \sqrt{1 - x^2}), \quad |x| \le 1/\sqrt 2.

For 1/2<x≤11/\sqrt 2 < x \le 1: 2sin⁡−1x=π−sin⁡−1(2x1−x2)2 \sin^{-1} x = \pi - \sin^{-1}(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}).

For −1≤x<−1/2-1 \le x < -1/\sqrt 2: 2sin⁡−1x=−π−sin⁡−1(2x1−x2)2 \sin^{-1} x = -\pi - \sin^{-1}(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}).

Double angle for arccosine

2cos⁡−1x=cos⁡−1(2x2−1),0≤x≤1.2 \cos^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(2x^2 - 1), \quad 0 \le x \le 1.

For −1≤x<0-1 \le x < 0: 2cos⁡−1x=2π−cos⁡−1(2x2−1)2 \cos^{-1} x = 2\pi - \cos^{-1}(2x^2 - 1).

Triple angle identities

3sin⁡−1x=sin⁡−1(3x−4x3)3 \sin^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}(3x - 4x^3) for ∣x∣≤1/2|x| \le 1/2.

3cos⁡−1x=cos⁡−1(4x3−3x)3 \cos^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(4x^3 - 3x) for 1/2≤x≤11/2 \le x \le 1.

3tan⁡−1x=tan⁡−13x−x31−3x23 \tan^{-1} x = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3x - x^3}{1 - 3x^2} for ∣x∣<1/3|x| < 1/\sqrt 3.

Each comes from feeding sin⁡3θ=3sin⁡θ−4sin⁡3θ\sin 3\theta = 3 \sin\theta - 4 \sin^3\theta, etc.

Worked examples

Example 1. Express 2tan⁡−1(13)2 \tan^{-1}(\tfrac{1}{3}) as a single inverse tangent.

x=1/3x = 1/3, ∣x∣<1|x| < 1. 2tan⁡−1(1/3)=tan⁡−12/31−1/9=tan⁡−12/38/9=tan⁡−1342 \tan^{-1}(1/3) = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2/3}{1 - 1/9} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2/3}{8/9} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4}.

Example 2. Express 2tan⁡−1(2)2 \tan^{-1}(2).

x=2>1x = 2 > 1, so 2tan⁡−12=π+tan⁡−141−4=π+tan⁡−1(−4/3)=π−tan⁡−1(4/3)2 \tan^{-1} 2 = \pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{4}{1 - 4} = \pi + \tan^{-1}(-4/3) = \pi - \tan^{-1}(4/3).

Example 3. Show 2tan⁡−1(1/3)+tan⁡−1(1/7)=π/42 \tan^{-1}(1/3) + \tan^{-1}(1/7) = \pi/4.

From Example 1, 2tan⁡−1(1/3)=tan⁡−1(3/4)2 \tan^{-1}(1/3) = \tan^{-1}(3/4). Add: tan⁡−1(3/4)+tan⁡−1(1/7)=tan⁡−13/4+1/71−3/28=tan⁡−125/2825/28=tan⁡−11=π/4\tan^{-1}(3/4) + \tan^{-1}(1/7) = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3/4 + 1/7}{1 - 3/28} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{25/28}{25/28} = \tan^{-1} 1 = \pi/4.

Example 4. Show 2sin⁡−1(3/2)=2π/32 \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = 2\pi/3 , but directly 2×π/3=2π/32 \times \pi/3 = 2\pi/3. Apply the formula: 2sin⁡−1(3/2)=π−sin⁡−1(2⋅3/2⋅1/2)=π−sin⁡−1(3/2)=π−π/3=2π/32 \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = \pi - \sin^{-1}(2 \cdot \sqrt 3/2 \cdot 1/2) = \pi - \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = \pi - \pi/3 = 2\pi/3. ✓\checkmark

(The formula needed the branch correction because 3/2>1/2\sqrt 3/2 > 1/\sqrt 2.)

Example 5. Show 3sin⁡−1(1/2)=π/23 \sin^{-1}(1/2) = \pi/2. Direct: 3×π/6=π/23 \times \pi/6 = \pi/2. Formula: sin⁡−1(3⋅1/2−4⋅1/8)=sin⁡−1(3/2−1/2)=sin⁡−11=π/2\sin^{-1}(3 \cdot 1/2 - 4 \cdot 1/8) = \sin^{-1}(3/2 - 1/2) = \sin^{-1} 1 = \pi/2. ✓\checkmark

Example 6. Solve 2tan⁡−1(cos⁡x)=tan⁡−1(2csc⁡x)2 \tan^{-1}(\cos x) = \tan^{-1}(2 \csc x).

Using 2tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−12y1−y22 \tan^{-1} y = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2y}{1 - y^2} (valid for ∣y∣<1|y| < 1, which holds for cos⁡x∈(−1,1)\cos x \in (-1, 1)):

tan⁡−12cos⁡x1−cos⁡2x=tan⁡−12cos⁡xsin⁡2x=tan⁡−1(2csc⁡x)\tan^{-1}\tfrac{2 \cos x}{1 - \cos^2 x} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2 \cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \tan^{-1}(2 \csc x).

So 2cos⁡xsin⁡2x=2sin⁡x\tfrac{2 \cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \tfrac{2}{\sin x}, giving cos⁡x=sin⁡x\cos x = \sin x, hence x=π/4x = \pi/4 (within principal branches).

Try it yourself

  1. Compute 2tan⁡−1(1/5)2 \tan^{-1}(1/5).
  2. Compute 2sin⁡−1(1/3)2 \sin^{-1}(1/3) as sin⁡−1\sin^{-1}.
  3. Compute 3cos⁡−1(3/2)3 \cos^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2).
  4. Verify 2tan⁡−1(1)=π/22 \tan^{-1}(1) = \pi/2.
  5. Show 2tan⁡−112+tan⁡−117=π/42 \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{7} = \pi/4.
  6. Express sin⁡−12x1+x2\sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} in terms of tan⁡−1x\tan^{-1} x.
  7. Express cos⁡−11−x21+x2\cos^{-1}\tfrac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2} in terms of tan⁡−1x\tan^{-1} x.
  8. Find tan⁡(2tan⁡−1(1/3))\tan(2 \tan^{-1}(1/3)).
  9. Find sin⁡(2tan⁡−1(1/3))\sin(2 \tan^{-1}(1/3)).
  10. Show 3tan⁡−112=tan⁡−11123 \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{11}{2}.
  11. If tan⁡−1x+2tan⁡−1y=π/2\tan^{-1} x + 2 \tan^{-1} y = \pi/2, find xx in terms of yy.
  12. Simplify sin⁡(2cos⁡−1x)\sin(2 \cos^{-1} x) for x∈[0,1]x \in [0, 1].
  13. Simplify cos⁡(2sin⁡−1x)\cos(2 \sin^{-1} x) for x∈[−1,1]x \in [-1, 1].
  14. Solve 2sin⁡−1x=cos⁡−1(1−2x2)2 \sin^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(1 - 2x^2) , which xx values work, and where does the formula fail?

Pitfalls / Tricks

  • Every doubling formula has a sign correction when the argument leaves a key interval. Always check before applying.
  • 2tan⁡−1x=sin⁡−12x1+x22 \tan^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} is valid for ∣x∣≤1|x| \le 1 but reverses sign for x>1x > 1.
  • For triple-angle formulas the valid intervals are smaller. Sketch the parent function to see the breakpoints.
  • Many JEE problems hinge on combining a doubling formula with a sum formula. Practise both in tandem.

Next we use these identities to solve equations.

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